1887 The Nebraska State Legislature bans gambling throughout the state. port; otherwise, the age is 18. Furthermore, you must be 21 in order to play pull tab games while you play bingo. Mobile sports betting is expected to launch in Maryland at some point in November 2022. Friday 24 November 2023. Craps are available on some ships. It is currently regulated by the state and you are able to find it on plenty of different platforms as well. Our Opening Hours Mon. You can have fun, discover the games you like best, and become better at playing them without risk. 46 § 19913. The video is titled “Rat Roulette,” but its star is actually a white mouse. 3 - Age restrictions. Betting on horse racing is legal and is regulated at the state level. You can participate in live bingo and pull tabs if you’re 19. For those wishing to play in online or offline casinos, sports books, or poker rooms they must be at least 18 years old. If you feel you have a problem with gambling please visit BeGambleAware’s website for help and advice at or call 24-7 the National Gambling Helpline on 0808 8020 133. This is the same requirement at many of the top online casino PayPal sites in the US as well. , you have to be 18 years old to vote and 21 years old to drink alcohol. At 19 years old you could enjoy playing bingo and bet on sports. Leading types of gambling in the U. Unlike in the USA, people are considered adults at the age of 18 and are able to drink alcohol at that age too. Legal Minimum Gambling Ages In The UK. Casinos, lotteries, and parimutuel betting are not allowed for 18 or 21 years old residents. What is the legal gambling age in Alaska? To place a pari-mutuel wager, you must be 18 years of age. Anchorage and Juneau are among the 10 cities that have local bans. The minimum gambling age is 18. Updated: January 27, 2022. Our approach to statistics and research. The community had an even split of male and female participants, and a mix of different ages, ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds, and problem gambling status according to the full PGSI. As there are no federal laws that specify a minimum age, all jurisdictions set their own legal. Keen young punters from around. There was a trend of gambling participation peaking in middle age. Bovada Casino – 100% Welcome Bonus up to $1,000. 4 Min. If you wish to play charitable bingo or pull-tab games, you’ll need to be 19. 2 million (Puerto Rico), and most have populations of 1. Alabama Online Gambling. Playing online casino games to win real. You are free to open a live casino account, bet on sports, or play poker. To play bingo and pull-tab games, gamblers must be at least 18 years old in Alaska. Looking to find the legal gambling age in your state? Check out Gambling. Online, 11 to 16 year olds were most likely to see gambling. The Public Gambling Act of 1867 is a central law that prohibits running or being in charge of a public gambling house. The legal gambling age in the United States varies depending on the state and the activity you want to gamble on. Hypernova Megaways. Entertaining arcades ⎯ The legal gambling age for playing arcade games is 18 years old. 3% female. Figure 3: Changes in gambling participation from age 16–17 years (2016) to age 18–19 years (2018) in Australia. What laws cover online gambling in AK? Gambling, in general, is covered by Alaska Statutes and Codes, Section 11. Citation 2019). ”. Alaska Minimum Gambling Age. Gambling Age in Alaska. Cash & Credit Access Guest using SeaPass cards backed by a credit card can use them to obtain chips and slot tickets for casino entertainment up to $5,000 USD per day (conditions and fees may apply). ) Players 18–20 years are significantly more likely to have chased their losses and bet more than they could afford in the past (Ibid. Featuring instant withdrawals and tons of rewards every day!and address how gambling behaviors impact compulsive and problem gambling within the Commonwealth. Under the current Japanese legislation, gambling, in general, is prohibited under Article 185 of the Penal Code, with the exception of betting on something for momentary amusement, or specific. However, the Government also changed this to 18 following a review of the risks involved with the lower age limit. Legal ages for wagering on sports can either be set at 18, 19, or 21 depending on your location within the U. 72 million), Switzerland (5. It’s important to know that the legal age for online sports. This minimum-age requirement applies regardless of whether you buy your lottery tickets in-person at a kiosk, or whether you purchase your tickets through a mobile app. For example, even though Las Vegas is possibly the most. Updated: September 17, 2023 The panorama of US gambling laws by state offers a diverse and often complex picture, and the state of Alaska stands as a unique example within. However, common gambling ages across the world are 18 and 21. Alaska. For all other gambling activities, the minimum legal gambling age range varies from 18 to 21. Age 21: Casino Cruises. Slot machines : Alaska Statutes §43. . Employment on bingo and club premises. S. S. That said, the legal gambling age in most states is between 18 and 21 and it often varies by gambling activity, which means it could be different for sports betting, the state lottery, or online casinos. The UK's Gambling Act 2005. States where gambling is legal. This venue is particularly accommodating toward couples, families, and individuals over the age of 21 who are single and just looking for some fun. The DCGP provides prevention and treatment services for diverse populations between the ages of 24 and 55 with the goals of raising awareness of problem gambling and providing effective treatment for problem gamblers and their family members throughout the state of Delaware. In North America the legal drinking age and legal purchase age varies from 18 to 21 years: In Mexico, the drinking age is 18 in all states. However, there are some restrictions on what types of gambling are available to those under 21 years old. Playing video poker is actually very simple. whether it is legal for you to place a wager in the jurisdiction in which you are located based on local regulatory and age restrictions. The minimum legal gambling age in NY is 18. According to gambling laws in Alaska, betting on games of skill is allowed. The gambling age in New Jersey New Jersey's gambling age is 21 for both online casino and land-based casino play. Like many states, Alaska has two official gambling ages which refer to different gambling activities. Presented in true Las Vegas style, Arizona casinos offer great entertainment and non-stop gambling. For example, in Germany, Ireland and Belgium, you must be 21 years old to gamble. 18. The age to legally bet on sports online is 21 in almost all states, and the legal gambling and sports betting industry has introduced a number of safeguards in an attempt to minimize online. Now, we do expect there to be some betting sites which go with the 18 Kentucky gambling age minimum but if you’re 18 or over but below the age of 21, you’ll certainly want to check. Home; Legal Gambling Age;. Prime Rib Dinner in Anchorage, AK. Anyone who is concerned about problem gambling can obtain confidential support 24/7 through the National Problem Gambling Helpline on 1-800-522-4700. There are 8 Casinos in the Calgary area, 7 of which are full service casinos. Yes, that means the legal gambling age requirement is 21 and older here in the state of Maryland for you to be able to gamble DFS. 500% Up To 00 + 150 Free Spins. Various messages have been designed to promote safer gambling. 3 - Age restrictions. Most European countries have adopted an age restriction of ⩾18 years for gambling. Nebraska is the one outlier, as gamblers must be 19 to purchase lottery tickets in the Cornhusker State. Usually, this is either 18 or 21, in most U. Gambling is an entertainment of uncertainty, a way of turning instability into play, of pretending that the structures of life don’t apply to you, that you are exempt from statistics. There are many different legal UK gambling options for residents to partake in. All passengers who plan to gamble onboard must be at least 18 years old. The minimum gambling age is 21. Gaming establishments, including online casinos and sportsbooks, are legally obligated to confirm that customers are at least 18 years old by requesting ID and, if necessary, other supporting documents. Online Lotto Legal Age in Alaska. The gambling age laws in Alaska stipulate that players must be over 19 years old to play bingo at bingo halls, while they must be 21 years old to play pull-tabs. Unique Ref: E02769112. states. Players must be 21 or older to use an online wagering site in Alaska, so make sure to stay in step with this stipulation. Only in Arizona, Delaware, Iowa, Kansas, Nevada, New Hampshire, Texas, and Wisconsin is the gambling age not set at 18 for pari-mutuel wagering. See moreThe legal gambling age changes across states, which means that laws in one. The legal betting age for players to bet on horse racing is 18 and older. The legal age for playing casino games, poker, lotto, bingo and sports betting in the UK is 18. These online operators are entirely legal, therefore prohibit anyone who is. Casino Management has the right to request government-issued photo ID to show proof of age. To protect themselves from underage gamblers and. In terms of hypotheticals, the most recent bills to be proposed in the Alaska Legislature. This is a new concept in online casino gaming and is a truly social experience. Those who are 21 though have the option to visit commercial casinos and the tribal casinos that. It’s not even set in stone in specific countries, with Canada being an example of one where it. Some states have two legal gambling ages, commonly 18 in some casinos, 21 in others. This interactive data visualisation shows changes in gambling participation among young people aged 16-17 years and then two years later at 18-19 years (for the same sample). Age ratings are based upon the available game and set by the Gambling Commission. Stake Originals. 1. 21. Gambling in China is illegal under Chinese law and has been officially outlawed since the Communist Party took power in 1949. Of the six states that have legalized online casino gaming, none set the minimum age for casino gambling age to 18. So, the best uk online casinos mentioned in our guide are reserved solely for people who have reached 18 years old. But again, there are two main ages that are offered either 18 or 21. You’ve even got different legal ages for online gambling at online casinos. The legal age for playing in bingo halls is 19, whereas players must be at least 21 years of age in order to. Instant Play Online. But 21 isn’t the highest age limit. Our knowledgeable team provides up-to-date news and sports betting coverage for major events, and expert recommendations on trusted betting sites with our sportsbook reviews. Alaska, Idaho, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Washington and Wyoming all have gambling ages of. Still, the minimum gambling age in Alaska is 18 years. Exclusive Sports Bonus!A short drive from Phoenix and surrounded by the Sonoran Desert, Harrah’s Ak-Chin delivers a first-class resort getaway, offering no shortage of epic thrills. In 2023, all sports betting, be it offline with bookmakers at real events, or via online platforms, is illegal in Alaska. The two main locations we have chosen as an example are the UK (18+) and the USA, where the age varies between 18 and 21 depending on the state. The forms of charitable gambling that are permitted consist of pull tabs and live bingo. 1920 Hot Springs is central to the history of gambling in Arkansas, which can be traced back to the end of the Civil War. SD Offshore Yes:18. The minimum age for gambling in a cruise ship casino is 18 in most cases, but there are exceptions. In addition to the casinos in Arizona, you will also find horseracing and greyhound racing for pari-mutuel activities. The Gaming Act 1845 legalized games of skill, made cheating a crime, simplified the regulation of gambling houses, and made gambling contracts legally unenforceable. Each of the 50 states has a different legal gambling age. Some US states have kept their gambling age limits comparatively low across the board, allowing 18-year-old citizens to partake in nearly all types of gambling. What is the legal gambling age in Alaska? To place a pari-mutuel wager, you must be 18 years of age. The jackpots in the game Hypernova are very energetic and are collapsing under the pressure of the amount of money that can be won. 24 The tax treatment of remote gambling. In Greece, players have to be 23 years old, while in Portugal you would. It has 90 gaming machines and 0 tables games. Sitka Tribe of Alaska 456 Katlian St Sitka, AK 99835This chart shows you the legal gambling age in every US State. 16. 55. The minimum gambling age in international waters is 18 with the exception of Alaska Cruises where guests must be 21 or older. Blackjack, roulette, three card poker, and slots are found on most ships. Since there are no sports betting laws in Alaska, this would be the associated gambling age. Every U. 01 et seq. If a player is caught gambling illegally, it is considered a Class B misdemeanor and is punishable with up to 90 days in prison and a fine of $2,000. While most states persist with the 21 age limit, this is not banned by the federal authority. For example, in many American states one must be over 21 to enter a casino, but may buy a lottery ticket after turning 18. Minimum Gambling – You have to be 19-years-old if you want to play bingo. This information applies to land-based gambling only. The spaces where we have inserted a dash mean that we don’t have the data regarding the gambling age. In it, the mouse is placed in the middle of a spinning wheel in a fairground stall with 48 mouse-sized holes along. ) Gambling participation typically increases. It is usually the gambling establishment that is the focus of the. The MIC Gaming Hall is located at Western Ave, Metlakatla, AK 99926, USA. 270. But 21 isn’t the highest age limit. Gambling is a state subject, and only states in India are entitled to formulate laws for gambling activities within their respective states. Luckily, federal legislation allows for interstate player pools, which five of the six states take part in. That said, their racebook does have a few offers too, though nowhere near the quality or quantity their sportsbook offers. 11. Award. In Malta, the age is much higher, at 25 for locals. In Florida, the gambling age is 18 for playing poker and bingo at tribal casinos. A variety of options on the same site (slots, table games, video poker; some have sportsbooks, racebooks, poker rooms, and live dealer casinos) Low and high-stakes betting. According to Alaska’s gambling laws, bettors in Alaska must be at least 21 years of age prior to engaging in any type of gambling. S. The proportion of young people who have seen adverts or promotion linked to gambling offline or online is similar (66 percent and 63 percent respectively). Online Gambling is one of the leading websites on sports betting and casino gambling. If you feel you have a problem with gambling please visit BeGambleAware’s website for help and advice at or call 24-7 the National Gambling Helpline on 0808 8020 133. Visit BetOnline. However, patrons as young as 16 can play the National Lottery, local lotteries, non-commercial games, low stakes, and prizes, and enter. The 2020 study was severely impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic and the closure of schools in Great Britain on the 20 March 2020. MI, PA, NJ. 6% of them playing in 2017,. The poor would barter on dice games and later, coin-based games. 6 billion people worldwide gamble and 4. The legal age for playing in bingo halls is 19,. 2 billion gamble at least once every year. The legal gambling age in Alaska for entering a land-based casino is 21 years old. Greece is another exception where you must be at least 23 to gamble. The legal age to gamble at a casino can be 25, but can also be 18, it all depends on the specific casino. Can I Gamble at 18 in the US? Yes, you can gamble at 18 in some states, but it varies depending on where you gamble. 54. For example, bingo, whether it be online or at a land-based bingo hall, requires all players to be at least 18 years old. SC Offshore Yes:18. There are a few instances where the legal gambling age is below eighteen. If sports betting comes to the state, the same age limit will probably apply. If you would like to be excluded from the Age UK Weekly Lottery and any other society lotteries promoted by Age UK or its subsidiary companies and. Poker Laws in Alaska. 18. When it comes to exploring gambling as a business, the first thing you should determine is the market. Some cruise lines, including Royal Caribbean and Celebrity, raise the minimum age to 21 on Alaska sailings. Gambling Age on a Cruise Ship. Getty Images. An ultimate Alaska online gambling destination for those who enjoy casino games. In most cases, the minimum legal age for gambling in Great Britain is 18. In countries such as Belgium, Germany and Ireland, however, you must be 21 years old to gamble and enjoy casino table games and slots. 14% gambled just for the past week. Last medically reviewed on June 19, 2018. According to statistics, the age group that falls in second place for gambling is the 55 to 64 segment. Alaska is the northernmost US state, and its natural beauty is astounding. Those residents and visitors who are 21 can enjoy casino gambling at tribal casinos that offer poker, blackjack, craps. In Alaska, you can wager on bingo if you’re above 19 years while in Arizona you can only bet if you’re over 21 years. Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington, and Wisconsin are the only states in the Union that have passed any laws making online gambling illegal. There are also Native Alaskan communities that operate bingo halls. May 21, 2021 Welcome Bonus Code: WELCOME200. The Gambling Act 2005 and Gambling (License & Marketing) Act 2014 apply to Great Britain and Northern Ireland for remote gambling. The holder of any permit or premises licence has to comply with the codes of practice issued by. Pull-tab game providers pay a 3% tax, while vessels offering gambling opportunities within Alaskan waters are charged a. Gambling enterprise employee or independent agent; work permit application; persons employed without work permit; issuance or denial of work permit; procedures. There is a minimum age of 18 for all players for all category A, B and C machines, including category B3A gaming machines offering lottery style games. What is the legal online gambling age in Alaska? There are Alaska online casinos that accept players who are 18 years old. The legal gambling age to bet on the horses in Michigan is 18. Bookmakers responded by hiring runners who were faster than the police. YOUR GUIDE TO THE BEST ONLINE GAMBLING SITES. Uk Gambling Age Verification, Biggest Hand Won In Poker, Craps Five Of A Kind, 20 Free No Deposit At Golden Lion Casino, Jackson Casaino, 3 To 2 Odds Calculator Blackjack, List Of. Marketing Strategy Creation. History. Visit Vic's Bingo. The legal gambling age in Alaska is 19 years or older for bingo games and 21 years of age or older for pull-tab games. Wind Creek Montgomery (info) 1801 Eddie Tullis Drive. Michigan Casinos Lower Gaming Age to 18, Tribe Says Compact Allows Such Provision. Europe’s GGR is expected to hit €33 billion by 2023, and about 55% of that is expected to come from mobile gambling. 2 days ago · A gender breakdown of gambling participation in the past four weeks revealed that 52. This being said, there are quite a lot of exceptions such as Arizona (21), Iowa (21), Louisiana (21) or Nebraska (19) Moreover, the age may change according to the type of betting, so for example, people in Arkansas are allowed to participate in lottery, charity bingo or pari. Alaska Ages For Gambling; Legal Sports Betting Age in Alaska: 19: Legal Casino Age in Alaska: 21: Legal Poker Age in Alaska: 18: Legal Lottery Age in Alaska: 21: Legal Horse Betting Age in Alaska: 21: Legal DFS Age in Alaska: 21: Legal Bingo Age in Alaska: 19 Alaska Gambling Laws: An Overview. You need to be 18 to bet on a horse racing, football, casino games or and most other forms of gambling, including the lottery, which was raised from 16 to 18 in 2021. Harrah’s Ak-Chin Casino Review. From October 2021 it will be illegal for. NE Offshore Yes:18. 6, 2021: Alaska’s Department of Revenue commissions a $400,000 feasibility study on sports betting and other forms of gambling in Alaska. Take New York, for instance. In this guide on online gambling Alaska, you will find the top-rated online sportsbooks and casinos along with generous bonus codes. Historically speaking, gambling in Arkansas has revolved around two racetracks since the early 20th century. Play the Age UK Weekly Lottery and every Friday you'll be in with a chance of becoming one of our 1,000 guaranteed winners! Entries to the Age UK charity lottery cost just £1 and with no rollovers, every week one of our players will win our top prize of £2,000. Furthermore, with ages of 23 and 25, respectively, Greece and Portugal are noted for. If you were to play on an online site, you would need to be 18. On sailings from other countries, the gambling age can be as young as 18. In the US alone, the current size of the gambling industry is bn and is expected to grow in value to over bn by 2024. While you might think that online gambling is a sure way for any. The gambling age in Vegas is 21 for all available activities, including casinos, poker, and pari-mutuel betting. jurisdiction that has set the age at 18 has a population hovering at or below 3. S. 2021Play free casino games right here. 19+. So, if you have to be 21 to gamble at a land-based casino in your state, you will also need to be 21 to gamble. No eWallet transaction options. Every U. Bovada Sportsbook, Poker Room, & Casino #1 Rated Legal Online Gambling Site For USA Players. 6% were male and 47. Casinos. Award. The Slots Magic online casino used to lead the industry under the name of Jackpot Party before what is the minimum legal gambling age in alaska undergoing a name change back in 2014. As shown in the table below, Alaskans have the freedom to consume marijuana-based products, and drink alcohol. Older Crowd Bar in Anchorage, AK. PA is the only one without interstate poker legislation. Century Downs Racetrack and Casino have only slots and electronic tables and located in Balzac which is outside of Calgary. S. Australia has strict laws for online and live gambling. Age restrictions are left up to individual casinos to decide. Lending money to aid another person to gamble is also a Class B misdemeanor. If you happen to have questions about what the legal gambling age in your state might be, you are in luck. lv — 200% Welcome Bonus up to $3,000. and Texas Revised Civil Statutes CIV STAT 179e et seq. Age 21: Casinos Gambling (Tribal Class III Slots, Table Games, Poker), Charitable Gambling (Bingo & Raffles), Pari-mutuel Betting (Horses), Social Gambling, State Lottery. Age limits. The weirdest one is probably Alabama, where the legal gambling age is 19 across the board, for every type of gambling from sports betting to slot machines. Evidence gaps and priorities 2023 to 2026. Bettors looking for action are limited to the likes of bingo, daily fantasy. Uk Gambling Age. California Online. Smoking ban: Alaska does not have a statewide smoking ban. In fact, Alaska is one of the. The tradition of watching and betting on horse races is very deep and the fact that New Mexico lets its residents start wagering on these races at the age of 18 is a huge bonus for everyone. This is very important because if you try to gamble underage it will cause more legal problems that you would want. Some states make everything legal at 21 while others at 18. Alaska is the northernmost US state, and its natural beauty is astounding. Legal Minimum Gambling Age in Alaska. The legal gambling age is a topic of discussion for politicians and lawmakers throughout the U. As you will notice that lawful age to gamble is between 18 and 21. Every state is also entitled to make laws that ban online gambling, though very few states have actually done so. While half of all online gamblers have done so on their smartphone, there is a clear age skew, with three-quarters of 18–34-year-old online gamblers using their smartphones to gamble compared to only 14% of those aged 65 and over. Will Nevada ever. Every other state in the Union has fixed their gambling age at 21, and you cannot get around this in any way. There is not one set gambling age in the USA, and the minimum age to participate in betting activities solely depends on the state and its laws. Today, many European countries have legalized gambling and the most common legal gambling age is 18. 18 and Over Gambling. While this age differs from state to state, the legal sports betting age in New Jersey is 21+. ‘Gamble responsibly’ is a widely used slogan that is familiar to gamblers in. 4 percent of respondents aged 45 to 54 years old participated in gambling in 2020, making it the age. Sports betting is not yet regulated in the state but it is in talks. In most countries, you will have access to wagering when you reach the legal gambling age of 18+, while in others 21+ will be required. However, there are differences in policies about. Charity Bingo / Pull-tabs. Even if the state were to open its gambling laws entirely and allow full-scale casino operations, the scale of Alaska’s economy is such that it would likely generate revenue for the state in the. 7 billion pounds. 7% of them were gambling in 2017, compared to 19. Charitable Gaming – You will be able to play bingo games as well as pull-tab games. Posted on: March 30, 2022, 12:50h. Although many younger individuals may feel they are old enough to gamble, the legal age is there for good reason. Last updated on: March 30, 2022, 01:23h. The Age Appropriate Design Code also defines children as under the age of 18, in departure from the current UK data protection laws which, for example, allow minors 13 or older to legally consent. Gambling Ages Around The World. Next came 45- to 54-year-olds with an increase of about 340,000 online gamblers over the course of the pandemic so far. [2] The penalty for breaking this law is a fine of ₹ 200 or imprisonment of up to 3. As a general rule, most places have limits of 21 years to both sign up for an account and also place a wager. Cruise Ship. Other forms of gambling like lotteries and horseracing have a minimum age of 18. The minimum age for playing the National Lottery is being raised from 16 to 18 as the government seeks to protect young people from gambling related harm. Royal Caribbean, Celebrity and Azamara raise that age to 21 on sailings in Alaska, while MSC raises it to 21 in the Caribbean. Alaska and Arizona have similar laws. This follows the launch of a major review of gambling laws to protect children. 0808 8020 133 Free of charge, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Arkansas Online Casino. Various messages have been designed to promote safer gambling. What is the legal gambling age in Alaska? 19. Countries With Gambling Ages. The surge in senior online gambling was the sharpest rise of any age group. Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport by Command of His Majesty on 27 April 2023Alaska, Idaho, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Washington and Wyoming all have gambling ages of 18. 2023 Main reasons sports bettors choose a sports betting service in the U. Casino Minimums for Table Games and Slot Machines Minimums are usually low on cruise ships. S. This age limit applies whether you want to place a bet in a bricks-and-mortar retail outlet, or via a newly licensed online sportsbook. We know what the legal age is and we know that horse racing, sports betting, lotteries and online gambling are the most popular. The legal sports betting age in Arizona is 21 years old. Harrah's Ak-Chin and Fort McDowell. Some jurisdictions and even commercial casinos here allow players to gamble from 21 years and over. In most US states the gambling age is 21 although some states do allow 18 year olds to gamble. Sportsbooks for Alaska players set the legal sports betting age at 18 in most cases. For the most part, the legal gambling age in Canada is 19 years old. The age limit for playing the National Lottery is set to be raised from 16 to 18 from next October as the government moves to crackdown on gambling. This means that most casinos – both online and landbased – will also have a minimum age requirement of 18. It transfers authority for licensing gambling from the magistrates' courts to local authorities (specifically unitary authorities, and the councils of metropolitan borough, non. However, like many other countries across the globe, it varies geographically. However, 18-year-olds may participate in. 18-year-olds can play bingo, raffles, the lottery, social games, charitable gambling, and enjoy parimutuel wagering. [1] Horse racing has been a favourite theme for over three centuries. The majority of online sportsbooks require players to be 18.